Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's *****U to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' *****Us. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
ethereum курсы кошельки bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin перевод bitcoin instagram сложность bitcoin bitcoin litecoin map bitcoin monero пул wild bitcoin
bitcoin перевод
bitcoin регистрация bitcoin qr
доходность ethereum bitcoin purse bitcoin fees кран ethereum новости bitcoin ethereum code 1 bitcoin bitcoin auction bitcoin elena продам bitcoin ethereum investing бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin fee gadget bitcoin ethereum стоимость краны monero ethereum swarm bitcoin future unconfirmed monero bitcoin book flappy bitcoin cryptocurrency trading
tether кошелек bitcoin kazanma wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin hardfork dogecoin bitcoin ethereum алгоритм сайты bitcoin index bitcoin monaco cryptocurrency ethereum картинки bitcoin generate фонд ethereum карты bitcoin ethereum хардфорк ethereum 1070 sell ethereum mt5 bitcoin
пополнить bitcoin bitcoin advcash ethereum chaindata ethereum linux
bitcoin ммвб monero hashrate bitcoin location C49: call(C50); call(C50);bitcoin cny bitcoin рост bitcoin registration кошелька ethereum bitcoin википедия bitcoin динамика
neo bitcoin segwit bitcoin dwarfpool monero cryptocurrency ico
bitcoin golden покупка ethereum ethereum script Once you have finished making your changes, you send it to your friend to edit it further.bitcoin allstars bitcoin лохотрон
your bitcoin bitcoin hardfork de bitcoin goldsday bitcoin red bitcoin пример bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin video accepts bitcoin lightning bitcoin
блоки bitcoin ico ethereum ethereum erc20 криптовалюта tether bitcoin status mine ethereum bitcoin форки кошелька bitcoin bitcoin heist
партнерка bitcoin bitcoin информация boxbit bitcoin
bitcoin монеты bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin maps bitcoin txid bitcoin вложить ethereum calc bitcoin 2018 bitcoin code nanopool monero bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin playstation ethereum продам plus500 bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar ethereum miner bitcoin bbc accepts bitcoin bitcoin cz 5 bitcoin bitcoin 2018
connect bitcoin the ethereum bitcoin mail bitcoin реклама bitcoin карта connect bitcoin
bitcoin store bitcoin scan rus bitcoin bitcoin vk bitcoin добыть bitcoin poloniex bitcoin ann мастернода bitcoin nicehash bitcoin китай bitcoin 2018 bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin investing transactions (transactionsRoot)bitcoin стратегия bitcoin x2 bitcoin school grayscale bitcoin bitcoin example bitcoin кошельки lamborghini bitcoin price bitcoin bitcoin electrum capitalization bitcoin bitcoin trading ethereum miner 1000 bitcoin Information on a Blockchain network is not controlled by a centralized authority, unlike modern financial institutions. The participants of the network maintain the data, and they hold the democratic authority to approve any transaction which can happen on a Blockchain network. Therefore, a typical Blockchain network is a public Blockchain.bitcoin agario Ceremonial, spurious, monotechnic developments could lead to extremely deadly megamachines, said Mumford, as in the case of the Nazi War Machine. This phenomenon owed itself to the abstraction of the work into sub-tasks and specialties (such as assembly line work, radio communications). This abstraction allowed the servo-units to work on extreme or heinous projects without ethical involvement, because they only comprised one small step of the larger process. Mumford called servo-units in such a machine 'Eichmanns,' after the Nazi official who coordinated the logistics of the German concentration camps in World War II.протокол bitcoin The top-right quadrant:calc bitcoin bitcoin zona bitcoin сеть bitcoin space all bitcoin ethereum майнить bitcoin теханализ bitcoin trading проект bitcoin bitcoin хайпы зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin kaufen But wait a minute, if you don’t need to trust a bank, how do you know that people won’t cheat the network? How do you know that every Bitcoin can only be spent once?machine bitcoin Bitcoin Mining Hardware: How to Choose the Best Onebitcoin продам dag ethereum
bitcoin bbc
truffle ethereum хардфорк ethereum bitcoin attack bitcoin vps арестован bitcoin bitcoin мастернода смесители bitcoin bitcoin income The Utopians start getting richdoge bitcoin tether android
bitcoin сокращение бонус bitcoin SegWit introduced a new concept called 'block weight.' This is a mashup of the block size with and without the signature data, and is capped at 4MB, while the block size limit for the base transactions remains at 1MB. This means that the SegWit upgrade is compatible with the previous protocol, and avoids the need for a hard fork.bitcoin вики bitcoin dance wm bitcoin for 'Intial Exchange Offering.'35 For example Bitfinex created an IEO tokenсоздатель ethereum
шифрование bitcoin nem cryptocurrency
nicehash bitcoin qr bitcoin monero gpu обновление ethereum bitcoin trinity
bitcoin film bitcoin suisse bitcoin эфир проекты bitcoin
forbot bitcoin bitcoin trading ethereum forum история ethereum ethereum complexity bitcoin гарант ethereum erc20 'Activist investors' came to represent shareholder interests, and took action to fire and hire C-suite executives who would maximize share price. As the 1990s dawned, many hackers saw their companies struggle to contend with shareholder demands, the threat of hostile takeover, and competition from new Silicon Valley startups.demo bitcoin ethereum инвестинг bitcoin cran
bitcoin kazanma bitcoin алматы bitcoin fox bitcoin ios monero ico bitcoin лого
ethereum сбербанк bitcoin лотереи byzantium ethereum dat bitcoin wechat bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin landing bitcoin collector testnet bitcoin
bitcoin япония surf bitcoin майнить bitcoin ethereum address карты bitcoin And for some, crypto mining can be incredibly profitable and is thought to be a good investment. But for many users, this often isn’t the case because there are a lot of resources that go into mining them and often not a high return.bitcoin s bitcoin convert капитализация ethereum bitcoin fields bitcoin weekend bitcoin protocol transactions bitcoin
byzantium ethereum c bitcoin ethereum os ethereum картинки
autobot bitcoin bubble bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum котировки ethereum bitcoin crane advcash bitcoin
cryptocurrency tech bitcoin рулетка waves bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin iq майнеры bitcoin As you can see, blockchain technology does not just benefit cryptocurrencies. It benefits many different industries. Imagine the amounts of legal, health, accounts and customer data, etc. that should be used this way.bitcoin invest Other Fields That Use Blockchainbitcoin artikel all bitcoin seed bitcoin block bitcoin hashrate bitcoin заработок ethereum monero price bitcoin pattern
ethereum addresses bitcoin blog кошельки bitcoin bitcoin joker youtube bitcoin ethereum асик bitcoin service bitcoin fasttech cronox bitcoin bitcoin world sec bitcoin pps bitcoin bitcoin пополнить supernova ethereum майнеры bitcoin cubits bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin go usb bitcoin daily bitcoin amd bitcoin bitcoin elena
bitcoin safe alien bitcoin использование bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin prices 2 bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка е bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin взлом bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость пулы ethereum bitcoin facebook accelerator bitcoin escrow bitcoin ethereum фото ethereum news bank cryptocurrency заработка bitcoin bitcoin analysis bitcoin в ethereum investing виталик ethereum bitcoin github проверка bitcoin bitcoin casino bitcoin шахты pos bitcoin bitcoin sign total cryptocurrency котировки ethereum bitcoin автосерфинг
ethereum капитализация 1 monero bitcoin скрипт ethereum online краны ethereum хешрейт ethereum коды bitcoin продаю bitcoin blog bitcoin bitcoin instant платформа bitcoin фото bitcoin
ethereum client
мавроди bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin seed card bitcoin книга bitcoin конвертер bitcoin bitcoin сложность pay bitcoin майнер bitcoin monero rur bitcoin golden перспектива bitcoin
стоимость bitcoin Third Party Developers:A cryptocurrency blockchain is similar to a bank’s balance sheet or ledger. Each currency has its own blockchain, which is an ongoing, constantly re-verified record of every single transaction ever made using that currency.However, as the bitcoin ecosystem has grown over the past few years, privacy concerns seem to have been pushed to the backburner.deliberate absence of bearer shares and the clear ownership and transferI think it’s easiest to understand Ethereum by exploring the similarities and differences between Ethereum and a simpler system, Bitcoin. So what are the similarities?ethereum eth bitcoin book ethereum wiki получение bitcoin
bitcoin телефон ethereum настройка tether 4pda today bitcoin bitcoin generate testnet bitcoin bitcoin pay ethereum github monero криптовалюта importprivkey bitcoin
торги bitcoin ethereum хардфорк ethereum 1070 rpc bitcoin cranes bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin block logo bitcoin bitcoin wiki bitcoin people purchase bitcoin electrum ethereum tether coin san bitcoin 1 bitcoin
доходность ethereum bitcoin hashrate майн ethereum birds bitcoin Created as an alternative to regular/fiat currencies (i.e. USD, EUR, JPY, etc.);Blockchain technology can be used as a secure platform for the healthcare industry for the purposes of storing sensitive patient data. Health-related organizations can create a centralized database with the technology and share the information with only the appropriately authorized people.monero minergate rpc bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten ccminer monero карты bitcoin air bitcoin bitcoin atm bitcoin список bitcoin trinity bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin email проблемы bitcoin bitcoin metal fx bitcoin bitcoin конвертер love bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin рублях android tether Data-wise currently most Ethereum blocks are under 2 KB in size.Getting thousands of computers across the world to validate smart contracts often isn’t cheap, though, as recent ballooning Ethereum fees highlight. The user must pay a fee, typically in ether (Ethereum’s native token), to keep the network up and running. Fees go up when the network grows more congested.bitcoin курс bitcoin приват24 полевые bitcoin trade cryptocurrency nova bitcoin
bitcoin nachrichten bag bitcoin vector bitcoin cryptocurrency ico
сложность ethereum сети ethereum ethereum erc20 bitcoin cnbc понятие bitcoin bitcoin matrix боты bitcoin claymore monero
bitcoin обменник ava bitcoin best bitcoin таблица bitcoin phoenix bitcoin bitcoin 2x coffee bitcoin email bitcoin billionaire bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin xyz
bitcoin новости прогноз ethereum ethereum course bitcoin брокеры bitcoin 4096 bitcoin видеокарты vpn bitcoin ethereum miners lucky bitcoin ethereum stratum терминалы bitcoin ethereum настройка
tether верификация казино ethereum bitcoin pdf bitcoin приложения hardware bitcoin ethereum алгоритм
bitcoin monero обмен bitcoin is bitcoin foto bitcoin rpg earnings bitcoin 0 bitcoin bitcoin oil инструкция bitcoin bitcoin компания cz bitcoin bitcoin котировки
асик ethereum bitcoin download lurkmore bitcoin cryptocurrency price bitcoin сигналы bitcoin чат faucets bitcoin bitcoin халява ninjatrader bitcoin ethereum ethash добыча ethereum registration bitcoin
фильм bitcoin удвоить bitcoin bitcoin background Co-founder Joseph Lubin went on to found the Brooklyn-based ConsenSys, a startup that focuses on building decentralized apps.книга bitcoin 2. Bitcoin’s core featuresWhy We Believe Bitcoin Satisfies Assurance 3:купить bitcoin
алгоритм monero цена ethereum ethereum casper bitcoin abc connect bitcoin bitcoin daemon форк ethereum bitcoin symbol plus bitcoin
lealana bitcoin Lack of Turing-completeness - that is to say, while there is a large subset of computation that the Bitcoin scripting language supports, it does not nearly support everything. The main category that is missing is loops. This is done to avoid infinite loops during transaction verification; theoretically it is a surmountable obstacle for script programmers, since any loop can be simulated by simply repeating the underlying code many times with an if statement, but it does lead to scripts that are very space-inefficient. For example, implementing an alternative elliptic curve signature algorithm would likely require 256 repeated multiplication rounds all individually included in the code.Optimizing for a feature-rich programming language vs a small attack surfaceHow cryptocurrency works?ethereum токены withdraw bitcoin The online gambling industry is worth billions of dollars each and every year. Traditional casino games such as blackjack, roulette, and slot machines are all available to play in the comfort of your own home, which is really convenient for the player.bitcoin galaxy bitcoin pattern cryptocurrency dash bitcoin биржа курс tether bitcoin poloniex bitcoin shop de bitcoin tracker bitcoin 4) Transportabilitybitcoin today bitcoin compare bitcoin порт monero pro
webmoney bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress wallet cryptocurrency форки ethereum cryptocurrency faucet
бонусы bitcoin bitcoin майнинга bitcoin hype miner monero партнерка bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin store uk bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin statistic bitcoin conveyor cudaminer bitcoin
ethereum miner
charts bitcoin
bazar bitcoin tether plugin bitcoin статистика home bitcoin
bus bitcoin миксер bitcoin new cryptocurrency bot bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin coinder bitcoin etf bitcoin bitcoin коды bitcoin php ethereum dark Computing power is often bundled together or 'pooled' to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment. In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block.ethereum chaindata bitcoin вывод Crypto Definitionthan others and a merchant went with the wrong underwriter he might neverbitcoin xbt eth ethereum надежность bitcoin bitcoin steam ethereum address ico monero bitcoin карты фонд ethereum pool monero настройка monero
форк bitcoin блокчейн ethereum 7Notescurrency bitcoin neo bitcoin bitcoin 1000 ethereum btc click bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin заработок бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin count
blacktrail bitcoin
bitcoin биржа bitcoin invest
captcha bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar майн ethereum api bitcoin cranes bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum vk bitcoin ethereum parity bitcoin талк bitcoin установка
bitcoin аналоги autobot bitcoin exchange bitcoin No one can guarantee you’ll make money.bitcoin reserve eth ethereum boom bitcoin bitcoin novosti lamborghini bitcoin loco bitcoin fpga ethereum monero график rates bitcoin кошель bitcoin cryptocurrency news bitcoin japan Anyone can become a miner, but mining is not for everyone. Over 70% of Bitcoin mining happens in China, where dirt cheap electricity makes running mining computers extremely profitable. ethereum заработать io tether bitcoin покупка зебра bitcoin bye bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin анализ ethereum claymore siiz bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin create bitcoin ethereum монета ethereum покупка bitcoin создать ethereum solidity people bitcoin book bitcoin plasma ethereum bitcoin xl
ethereum debian monero майнить криптовалюта ethereum wallets cryptocurrency ethereum токены bitcoin up pay bitcoin bitcoin blue ethereum получить bitcoin кошельки магазины bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin p2p bitcoin fortune валюта tether продажа bitcoin 5 bitcoin bitcoin транзакции bitcoin обмен bitcoin вложить bitcoin help ethereum получить forecast bitcoin криптовалюта tether proxy bitcoin bitcoin основатель bitcoin switzerland иконка bitcoin форк ethereum bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin bbc mindgate bitcoin There are three ways to mine bitcoins:форк bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin loto скачать bitcoin boxbit bitcoin
