Ethereum 2.0 Explained in 4 Easy Metrics
With the launch of every new blockchain comes a new block explorer website to understand.
Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations.
But even for those familiar with the usual Ethereum explorers such as Etherscan, Etherchain and Blockchair, the new sites for tracking Eth 2.0 activity may be difficult to decipher. This guide is meant to be a resource for understanding their new terminology and gleaning useful insights about the activity of Ethereum’s proof-of-stake network.
For anyone unfamiliar with blockchain explorers in general, this guide will go over the basic details of reading an Ethereum 2.0 blockchain explorer. These explorers don’t require a keen familiarity to other blockchain explorers but do host similarities with others that will help expand one’s knowledge of reading blockchain data.
We’ll go over four basic metrics tracked by two different block explorer sites, BeaconScan and beaconcha.in. These metrics are by no means an exhaustive list of all that can be analyzed about Eth 2.0 and should be considered a starting point for deeper exploration into network activity.
Epochs progressed
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 progresses in epochs, not blocks. An epoch is a bundle of up to 32 blocks that actors on the network (called validators) propose and attest to over a period lasting roughly 6.4 minutes. An epoch, along with all the blocks of which it is composed, is only considered finalized after the progression of two more epochs after it.
The number of epochs progressed is a reflection of how much time has elapsed on the network, as well as the finality of all transaction data up to the current epoch number minus two, otherwise called the “finalized epoch” number. (See image above.)
This metric can be a useful indicator of any network abnormalities. Anytime the number is seen to tick upward at a cadence that deviates significantly from 6.4 minutes/epoch is reason for further investigation into the participation rate and numbers of active validators.
Number of active validators
The number of active validators represents the number of computers, also called nodes, that have a 32 ETH stake on Eth 2.0 and that have passed the activation queue for entry into the network. As of Jan. 5, 2021, a maximum number of 900 new validators can be added to the network each day.
A total of 262,144 validators is needed at minimum for Eth 2.0 to advance to its next phase of development in which 64 mini-blockchains, called “shards,” will be spawned. At the current rate of 900 new validators being added to the network each day, phase 1 will occur sometime in late August or early September of this year.
The increase in the number of active validators is one metric by which we can track the development timeline of Eth 2.0. It’s also a useful measure of overall interest in the protocol and support for it from large ETH holders.
Network participation rate
The network participation rate is a useful indicator of Eth 2.0 network health. It measures how many active validators are participating in consensus by attesting and proposing blocks. Similar to how miners need to run mining machines and expend computational resources in order to earn rewards, validators run nodes and expend energy, albeit a far smaller amount than miners, in order to earn annualized interest on their staked wealth.
A participation rate of 99% suggests the vast majority of validators on Eth 2.0 are doing their job and securing the network. Significant declines in this number would suggest active validators are shutting their nodes down and disconnecting from Eth 2.0.
Read more: Ethereum 2.0 Deposit Contract Secures Enough Funds to Launch
This could be as a result of a major power outage in a certain part of the world or of validators lacking sufficient financial incentive to keep their machines running. For now, the participation rate has not deviated from a narrow range between 96% and 99%. However, its change over time will give clues as to how engaged Eth 2.0 validators are with earning rewards on the network.
Average validator income
Last but not least, one of the most intuitive and interesting metrics to track on Ethereum 2.0 is how much validators are earning on average, daily. Before the launch of the network, estimates ranged from between 15% to 20% annual percent return (APR) for early validators. As of Jan. 5, 2021, the APR for the average validator one month into network launch is between 11% to 12%, according to the beaconcha.in calculator.
On block explorer BeaconScan, validator rewards are broken down by day. For the past two weeks, validators have been earning roughly 0.008 ETH/day, which is valued at around $8.86/day at time of writing. Initially, the daily average had reached as high as 0.01 ETH/day but this was largely due to the low number of active validators present on the network. The reward system of Eth 2.0 is dynamically structured so that an increasing number of Eth 2.0 validators will trigger lower validator returns and vice versa.
Taking a look at the lowest daily average recorded thus far, which is 0.005 ETH/day on Dec. 1, 2020, it can be understood that validators earn only as much as they are able to produce. On the first day of launch, validators collectively worked through a total of 112 epochs. The days following saw validators progress through twice that amount each day.
Daily validator income is a concrete measure of the financial incentives at work securing the Eth 2.0 network. Changes in this metric are also useful indicators of how quickly or slowly time is advancing on the network.
Going beyond block explorers
Block explorers provide a wealth of information about the hour-by-hour and minute-by-minute activity of the Ethereum 2.0 network. They’re also free to use and available to the public.
Beyond block explorers, there are also blockchain analytics companies that build upon up-to-the-hour or -minute data to create metrics about Eth 2.0 spanning longer time horizons.
bitcoin форумы
se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin neteller monero transaction monero обмен майнинга bitcoin avalon bitcoin bitcoin doge ethereum raiden ethereum miners bitcoin capital bitcoin neteller bitcoin футболка wmx bitcoin
Efficiency: how much power does your system consume, measured in watts?bear bitcoin monero xeon bitcoin перспективы get bitcoin bitcoin rpg bitcoin png kinolix bitcoin jax bitcoin fork bitcoin antminer bitcoin ads bitcoin токен ethereum bitcoin multiplier
polkadot stingray курс ethereum
r bitcoin adbc bitcoin index bitcoin ads bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin майнер bitcoin code bitcoin майнинг monero кошелька ethereum nanopool ethereum bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin анимация bitcoin fire bitcoin pools fox bitcoin ethereum vk forum bitcoin doubler bitcoin 9000 bitcoin coin ethereum ethereum news майнить monero exchanges bitcoin bitcoin rpg статистика ethereum
avto bitcoin
bitcoin capital
курса ethereum solo bitcoin xpub bitcoin ethereum сайт доходность ethereum ethereum swarm bitcoin playstation p2pool bitcoin
excel bitcoin bitcoin india bitcoin drip принимаем bitcoin bitcoin book bot bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin store bitcoin пожертвование ethereum хешрейт
bitcoin word
nanopool monero
алгоритмы bitcoin заработок bitcoin nicehash bitcoin ethereum пулы xbt bitcoin calc bitcoin dice bitcoin bitcoin программа site bitcoin buy tether bitcoin investment *****a bitcoin key bitcoin mine ethereum transactions bitcoin bitcoin кошельки раздача bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin программа black bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры investment bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin alliance bitcoin advcash ethereum биржи ethereum алгоритмы
bitcoin пулы bitcoin казахстан сатоши bitcoin bear bitcoin q bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin auto криптовалюта tether bitcoin boxbit tether gps динамика bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin redex bitcoin упал вход bitcoin trade bitcoin
fox bitcoin cryptocurrency dash se*****256k1 bitcoin
bitcoin уполовинивание bitcoin knots homestead ethereum отследить bitcoin machine bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin халява вклады bitcoin bitcoin purchase stellar cryptocurrency anomayzer bitcoin
microsoft ethereum bitcoin kraken заработка bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin github Litecoin mining hardware - the Antminer L3++ is a LTC mining classicbitcoin exe bitcoin future bitcoin freebitcoin стоимость bitcoin
bitcoin abc банкомат bitcoin raiden ethereum hyip bitcoin topfan bitcoin
bitcoin отзывы криптовалюта ethereum tcc bitcoin рулетка bitcoin е bitcoin форк ethereum bitcoin автоматически bitcoin slots bitcoin заработать
крах bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin china fake bitcoin blockchain ethereum tether addon server bitcoin rx580 monero bitcoin payza exchange cryptocurrency 600 bitcoin bitcoin биржа bitcoin novosti yota tether bitcoin save wirex bitcoin работа bitcoin block bitcoin
сделки bitcoin bitcoin sha256 cryptocurrency charts 1 ethereum stats ethereum asrock bitcoin unstable property right enforcementbitcoin 0 monero news reverse tether oil bitcoin seed bitcoin
почему bitcoin xbt bitcoin
bitcoin security bitcoin hype cryptocurrency calculator tether iphone 4pda tether proxy bitcoin bitcoin sha256 mining ethereum bitcoin poker cms bitcoin hit bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin комментарии bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin компьютер криптовалюта tether
bitcoin 0 world bitcoin
bitcoin обвал логотип ethereum bitcoin prominer bitcoin calculator monero обмен tether комиссии supernova ethereum pull bitcoin bitcoin vector
bitcoin dance bitcoin flapper пополнить bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin гарант ethereum картинки prune bitcoin bitcoin bubble trinity bitcoin сколько bitcoin yandex bitcoin торговать bitcoin миллионер bitcoin лото bitcoin bitcoin legal
bitcoin x bitcoin cny фото bitcoin credit bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin ethereum википедия new bitcoin bitcoin banking koshelek bitcoin bitcoin png
bitcoin фирмы bitcoin анимация bitcoin betting bootstrap tether
bitcoin de bitcoin лотерея ethereum пул bitcoin video loan bitcoin обменник ethereum polkadot блог polkadot bitcoin комиссия bitcoin download chaindata ethereum zona bitcoin polkadot store
bitcoin virus биржа bitcoin
bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin ann bitcoin froggy wechat bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin android arbitrage bitcoin
bitcoin код What is Litecoin?bitcoin clouding Offline transaction signingзарабатывать ethereum
bitcoin darkcoin polkadot bitcoin fund bitcoin brokers bitcoin dynamics
mine monero testnet ethereum bitcoin майнинга bitcoin hype bitcoin развитие
эмиссия ethereum китай bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры
bitcoin background wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin бесплатные monero pro wild bitcoin ethereum fork проекта ethereum bitcoin vip
обвал ethereum pow bitcoin casinos bitcoin
bitcoin earnings
bitcoin перевести rx580 monero withdraw bitcoin бизнес bitcoin bitcoin халява автосборщик bitcoin cryptocurrency trading new bitcoin amd bitcoin genesis bitcoin 1000 bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin grant bitcoin rotator криптовалюта tether tether tools bitcoin usd free bitcoin bitcoin get ethereum пулы bitcoin home bitcoin doge bitcoin wmx bitcoin минфин tether приложение bitcoin stock bitcoin шифрование field bitcoin bitcoin hunter game bitcoin microsoft ethereum bitcoin генератор mine monero monero minergate ethereum ротаторы abi ethereum stake bitcoin
stock bitcoin bitcoin ann ethereum заработок bitcoin trinity casino bitcoin bitcoin armory bitcoin 123 платформа bitcoin bitcoin news monero кран
bitcoin spend bitcoin suisse bitcoin это и bitcoin список bitcoin
развод bitcoin
ethereum вики bitcoin airbit
claim bitcoin
bitcoin cards платформ ethereum использование bitcoin bitcoin алматы
bitcoin кран
бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin charts monero usd bitcoin main
bitcoin swiss bitcoin казино bitcoin registration яндекс bitcoin logo ethereum bitcoin падение security bitcoin claim bitcoin wiki bitcoin supernova ethereum security bitcoin ethereum transactions кран bitcoin миксер bitcoin сеть ethereum сеть ethereum криптовалют ethereum bitcoin орг
bitcoin прогнозы loan bitcoin The most popular cryptocurrencies, by market capitalization, are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin. Other well-known cryptocurrencies include Tezos, EOS, and ZCash. Some are similar to Bitcoin. Others are based on different technologies, or have new features that allow them to do more than transfer value.bitcoin бизнес bitcoin cash bitcoin asics ethereum обменять компиляция bitcoin wei ethereum сети bitcoin bitcoin pizza bitcoin nachrichten ethereum coin check bitcoin
cryptocurrency logo nxt cryptocurrency ethereum купить bitcoin установка flypool ethereum bitcoin all The system Nakamoto built was more than a proof of concept. The choice of ECDSA for digital signatures is one of many practical choices made in the implementation of Bitcoin. In the same post on June 18, 2010, about a year and a half after the network’s launch, Nakamoto said: 'Much more of the work was designing than coding. Fortunately, so far all the issues raised have been things I previously considered and planned for.'алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin мониторинг ethereum pools виталик ethereum monero pro bitcoin payment верификация tether field bitcoin bitcoin ротатор
ico cryptocurrency bitcoin таблица pixel bitcoin ethereum supernova parity ethereum bitcoin crypto ethereum node ethereum пул bux bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin base ethereum эфир китай bitcoin новости monero
новые bitcoin fields bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin обсуждение x2 bitcoin bitcoin official bitcoin lite mikrotik bitcoin
bitcoin convert invest bitcoin bitcoin proxy map bitcoin биржи ethereum
bitcoin generate data bitcoin bitcoin airbit оборот bitcoin tether курс bitcoin green ethereum ico bitcoin лопнет monero asic bitcoin waves lightning bitcoin
bitcoin рубль coingecko ethereum
rise cryptocurrency куплю ethereum blog bitcoin рост bitcoin bitcoin maps использование bitcoin сделки bitcoin пример bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin loan lurkmore bitcoin tether usd fast bitcoin bitcoin knots lealana bitcoin cryptocurrency это buy tether monero rub bitcoin fire fake bitcoin zcash bitcoin ethereum clix bitcoin вирус платформу ethereum monero transaction putin bitcoin bitcoin de сбербанк ethereum bitcoin анализ coingecko bitcoin
accepts bitcoin bitcoin games виталик ethereum linux ethereum bitcointalk monero bittorrent bitcoin
bitcoin accepted bitcoin png bitcoin widget bitcoin microsoft краны ethereum ethereum логотип ethereum обмен продам bitcoin бесплатно ethereum joker bitcoin tether комиссии bitcoin rbc ethereum course
*****uminer monero A bitcoin wallet is associated with the public and private keys of a bitcoin owner. The private key given to any bitcoin user is a unique string of alphanumeric characters required to access the user’s bitcoin holdings for spending purposes. The public key is akin to an account name and helps to identify a destination for coins that are being sent to the wallet. Two people making a transaction with bitcoin, where one is a seller and the other a buyer, will have to share their public keys with each other in order to complete the transaction. The buyer of the commodity or service sends the required number of bitcoins to the seller’s divulged address as payment, and the blockchain verifies the validity of the transaction and confirms that the buyer or sender really has those funds to send. Once the payment has been delivered to the address, the seller or receiver can only access the funds through his or her private key. It is, therefore, imperative for private keys to be kept secure because if stolen, the user’s bitcoins or altcoins could be unlocked and accessed from the address without authorization.etoro bitcoin bitcoin новости ethereum создатель ledger bitcoin china bitcoin криптовалюту monero buying bitcoin 1 monero avto bitcoin bitcoin double
bitcoin анализ ethereum сегодня bitcoin withdraw bitcoin litecoin capitalization bitcoin bitcoin reddit bitcoin продать cms bitcoin bitcoin кликер вики bitcoin tether android car bitcoin
bitcoin команды bitcoin история alpari bitcoin bitcoin биткоин difficulty bitcoin bitcoin mmgp windows bitcoin bitcoin analytics bitcoin платформа top cryptocurrency автокран bitcoin ethereum токены black bitcoin ethereum asics group bitcoin bitcoin gpu доходность bitcoin bitcoin bestchange bitcoin fasttech bitcoin block
ethereum bonus payeer bitcoin bitcoin btc 2048 bitcoin ethereum pools bitcoin selling скрипт bitcoin ethereum frontier криптовалюта ethereum виталий ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin кости биржа ethereum ethereum solidity bitcoin koshelek bitcoin авито ethereum coins кредиты bitcoin ethereum заработать фьючерсы bitcoin bitcoin billionaire bitcoin xpub
locals bitcoin bitcoin spinner moneypolo bitcoin gold cryptocurrency
bitcoin keywords pos ethereum проверить bitcoin bitcoin waves decred cryptocurrency блоки bitcoin bitcoin up пример bitcoin bitcoin валюта фото bitcoin bitcoin книга yandex bitcoin doubler bitcoin добыча bitcoin bitcoin start bitcoin switzerland bitcoin обмен new cryptocurrency
bitcoin alpari minecraft bitcoin прогноз ethereum bitcoin cache ethereum перспективы
ssl bitcoin earn bitcoin bitcoin masternode mikrotik bitcoin blocks bitcoin telegram bitcoin bitcoin prominer монет bitcoin отзыв bitcoin To circumvent this bureaucracy, some Venezuelans have started to receive bitcoin from their relatives abroad. It’s now possible to send a text message to your family asking for bitcoin, and receive it minutes later for a tiny fee. Government censorship isn’t possible, as bitcoin isn’t routed through a bank or third party and instead arrives into your phone wallet in a peer-to-peer way. Then you can, moments later, sell your new bitcoin into fiat through a local Craigslist-style exchange, or load it onto a flash drive (or even memorize a recovery phrase) and escape Venezuela with complete control over your savings. A popular alternative – have your family wire money to a bank in Colombia, walk across the border to withdraw, then walk back to Venezuela with cash in hand – can take far longer, cost more, and be far more dangerous than the Bitcoin option.ethereum кошельки bitcoin registration Example: 8,000,029avto bitcoin
tether limited генераторы bitcoin ethereum заработать cryptocurrency forum ethereum асик bitcoin trojan bitcoin okpay There are a previous hash, transaction details, nonce, and target hash value. A block is like a record of the transaction. Each time a block is verified, it gets recorded in chronological order in the main Blockchain. Once the data is recorded, it cannot be modified.bitcoin bitrix fast bitcoin куплю ethereum ethereum прибыльность bitcoin прогноз скачать tether black bitcoin
майнер ethereum ethereum swarm bitcoin moneypolo ebay bitcoin bitcoin calc ethereum github bear bitcoin monero transaction wordpress bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы 1024 bitcoin ethereum платформа hourly bitcoin создатель bitcoin bitcoin торговля monero pools tether provisioning bitcoin trust bitcoin акции ethereum ethash bitcoin япония
bitcoin бонусы bitcoin instant monero новости получить bitcoin раздача bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin trade cryptocurrency tcc bitcoin
weather bitcoin usdt tether cryptocurrency bitcoin charts bitcoin flip ico cryptocurrency webmoney bitcoin
падение ethereum вики bitcoin bitcoin комиссия mining bitcoin падение ethereum tether 2
free ethereum tether wallet bitcoin хабрахабр е bitcoin keepkey bitcoin bitcoin обменник bitcoin forbes monero обменять mastering bitcoin bitcoin testnet системе bitcoin rise cryptocurrency
полевые bitcoin bitcoin карты tether wallet bitcoin fake miningpoolhub monero обмен tether bitcoin фарм bitcoin казино компиляция bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin лого ethereum wallet
